 Abt 0480 - 0547 (67 years)
-
| Name |
ap CADWALLON Maelgwyn Hir |
| Birth |
Abt 0480 |
Kingdom of Gwynedd  |
| Gender |
Male |
| Death |
0547 |
Kingdom of Gwynedd |
| Notes |
- Maelgwn Hir (Maelgwn the Tall) was a prominent ruler in sixth century Gwynedd.
540 Gildas
Maelgwn is first noted by Gildas [1] writing about 540 CE, to whom Maelgwn was a king of Gwynedd.
Gildas also makes passing reference to others rulers compared to Revelation's eagle, serpent, calf and wolf. In his allegory, Gildas identifies Maelgwn's contemporaries, four other kings of the Britons. In so doing, Gildas pictures Maelgwn as a regional "high king." [2][3]
Constantius of Damnonia. [4]
Aurelius Caninus (place unknown). [5]
Vortiporius of Demetae (Dyfed)[6]
Cuneglasus (Penilyn?) [7][8]
Maelgwn (of Anglesey)[1]
Gildas condemns all five of these kings, but Maelgwn especially. Comparing them to the beasts described in the biblical Book of Revelation (13:2) -- the lion, leopard, horse and dragon, with the dragon receiving the greatest condemnation.
The Welsh kingdoms named above are all associaed with the conquest of the Gaels by Cunedda. Gildas made no comments about other kingdoms of the Britons i.e. Rheged, Gododdin, Elmer, and Pengwern/Powys). [9]
Nonetheless, Maelgwn's principal legacy today is the scathing account of his behavior by Gildas, who considered Maelgwn a usurper and reprobate. [1]
Gildas, calling Maelgwn "superior to almost all the kings of Britain" [1], accuses him of
killing his uncle who was king at the time [1]
marrying after taking monk's vows [10]
seeking another marriage, this time with the wife of his nephew, whom he had killed. [11]
800 Nennius
Writing 300 years later, Nennius says that "the great king Mailcun reigned among the Britons, i.e., in Gwynedd". He adds that Maelgwn's ancestor Cunedda arrived in Gwynedd 146 years before Maelgwn's reign, coming from Manaw Gododdin, and expelled the Scots [i.e., the Gaels] with great slaughter." [12] [13]
Historical Context
After the collapse of Roman authority in Britain, north Wales was invaded and colonized by Gaelic tribes from Ireland.[citation needed] The kingdom of Gwynedd began with the reconquest of the coast by northern Britons under the command of Maelgwn's great-grandfather Cunedda Wledig. Generations later, Maelgwn's father Cadwallon Long-Hand completed the process by destroying the last Irish settlements on Anglesey. Maelgwn was the first king to enjoy the fruits of his family's conquest and he is considered the founder of the medieval kingdom's royal family. He is thus most commonly referenced by appending the name of the kingdom to his own: Maelgwn Gwynedd. [14]
Historical records of this early era are scant. Maelgwn appears in the royal genealogies of the Harleian genealogies,[15] Jesus College MS. 20, [16] and Hengwrt MS. 202.[17]
Genealogies
Historical records of this early era are scant. Maelgwn appears in the Harleian genealogies, [18] Jesus College MS. 20, [15] and Hengwrt MS. 202. [16] His death in a "great mortality" of 547 is noted in the Annales Cambriae. [19]
[O]uen map [H]iguel map Catell map Rotri map Mermin map Etthil merch Cinnan map Rotri map Iutguaul map Catgualart map Catgollaun map Catman map Iacob map Beli map Run map Mailcun map Catgolaun Iauhir map Eniaun girt map Cuneda map Ætern map Patern Pesrut map Tacit map Cein map Guorcein map Doli map Guordoli map Dumn map Gurdumn map Amguoloyt map Anguerit map Oumun map Dubun map Brithguein map Eugein map Aballac map Amalach, qui fuit beli magni filius et Anna mater eius quam dicunt esse consobrina mariæ uirginis matris d’ni n’ri ih’u xp’i.[20]
Birth and Parents
Davies estimates Maelgwn was born about 480 in the Kingdom of Gwynedd, Wales. He was the son of Cadwallon Lawhir and great-grandson of Cunedda, [14]
Gildas names Maelgwn's father as Cadwallon Lawhir and his mother Meddyf, a daughter of Maeldaf. He had a brother and nephew,[21] mentioned in Gildas' De Excidio, but they are unnamed.
Maelgwn Gwynedd was the son of Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion Yrth. [22]
His name, Maelgwn, is a Middle Welsh name meaning 'Princely Hound'. The Latin equivalent in Gildas may also be translaed as "Princely Warrior."[23]
"The only contemporary information about the person is provided by Gildas. Maelgwn's name includes the word for hound or dog, with a positive military connotation in the sense of the dangerous hound or hounds of war." [2][24][25]
He is referred to as Maelgwn Gwynedd or Maelgwn Hir" meaning Maelgwn -"the Tall
Monastic Vow
He was an able military leader, impetuous and generous by nature, but given to many failings and deeds of violence. In his early years he overthrew his maternal uncle, whose identity is unknown, but not long afterwards gave up all his royal power and dignity and entered a monastery as a monk. It was now or earlier that, as Gildas tells us, he listened to the instruction of 'the accomplished teacher of almost the whole of Britannia,' a teacher generally identified as the celebrated Illtud, the site of whose monastery has been assigned either to Llantwit Major in south Glamorgan or to Caldey Island off the coast of Pembrokeshire. [22]
Marriages
Maelgwn had three known marriages:
first Sanan ferch cyngen Glodrydd, King of Powys, ap Cadell ddyrnllug, King of Powys. [26]
second Gwallwen ferch Afallach. [26]
third a daugther of Sawyl Benisel ap Pabo Past Prydyn ap Ceneu ap Coel Hen.[26]
He is given various wives, including Nesta, Sanan (his nephew's wife) and Gwallwyn (possibly his cousin). It is also possible that he impregnated the Pictish princess Waelgush.
It is during this subsequent period that Gildas and Welsh tradition agree in portraying him as opposed to the 'Saints,' i.e. monachism, and the perpetrator of evil deeds, among them the murder of his wife and of his nephew, whose widow he then married. [22]
Reign
Son of Cadwallon Lawhir and great-grandson of Cunedda Wledig, he ruled over Venedotia (Gwynedd) in the second quarter of the 6th century. [22]
Maelgwn Gwynedd (Latin: Maglocunus) was king of Gwynedd during the early 6th century. [14]
Surviving records suggest he held a pre-eminent position among the Brythonic kings in Wales and their allies in the "Old North" along the Scottish coast. [14]
Maelgwn is one of five Celtic British kings castigated for their sins by the contemporary Christian writer Gildas. [1]
He was referred to as "the island dragon", possibly a reference to his power base on Anglesey. Gildas referred to him as the "first and greatest in evil, more than many in ability but also in malice, more generous in giving but also more liberal in sin, strong in war but stronger to destroy your soul ...". [1]
By tradition, his llys (English: royal court, literally hall) was located at Deganwy, in the Creuddyn Peninsula of Rhos. Tradition also holds that he died at nearby Llanrhos, and was buried there. [18]
The evidence suggests that Maelgwn held a pre-eminent position over the regions ruled by the descendants of Cunedda, perhaps in the sense of a regional high king. There is nothing to suggest that Maelgwn held sway over any larger area. Gildas says as much in his condemnation, saying he held a pre-eminence over the other four kings similarly condemned, and also describing him as the "dragon of the island", [27] where the Isle of Anglesey is the ancient stronghold of the kings of Gwynedd.
The fact that Maelgwn's donations to religious foundations are not restricted to the Kingdom of Gwynedd but are spread throughout northern and southern Wales in the regions where the descendants of Cunedda held sway implies that Maelgwn had a responsibility to those regions beyond the responsibilities of a king to his own kingdom. [14]
While the context is not definitive, Taliesin also implies it, in his Marwnad Rhun (English: Elegy of Rhun) that laments the death of Maelgwn's son Rhun, where he says that Rhun's death is "the fall of the court and girdle of Cunedda".[28]
His kingdom seems to have comprised most of north-west Wales, including Anglesey, while tradition credits him with a favourite stronghold at Degannwy on the Creuddyn peninsula. [22]
As a fifth and last ruler arraigned by Gildas for his misdeeds, he is addressed as ' Maglocunus, the island dragon,' a martial prince who has overthrown many other rulers. Tall of stature (cf. his sobriquet ' Maelgwn Hir,' ' Maelgwn the Tall') and excelling most contemporary princes in power, [22]
Trade
Maelgwn's seat at Degannwy revealed glass and pottery from the Black Sea, Athens and Bordeaux [29] Davies notes that the plague attacked Wales more than England becausethe Welshhad more trade with the Mediterranean peoples. [30]
Christianity
Maelgwn was a generous contributor to the cause of Christianity throughout Wales. He made donations to support saints Brynach in Dyfed, Cadoc in Gwynllwg, Cybi in Anglesey, Padarn in Ceredigion, and Tydecho in Powys. [31] He is also associated with the foundation of Bangor, but hard evidence of this is lacking.[31]
Maelgwn's donations to the Christian missionaries supports the notion, as these are not restricted to the Kingdom of Gwynedd, but are spread throughout northern and southern Wales, in the various regions where the descendants of Cunedda held sway. This implies that Maelgwn had a responsibility to those regions, to a degree beyond the responsibilities of a king to his own kingdom only. While the context is not definitive, Taliesin also implies it, in his Marwnad Rhun (English: Elegy of Rhun) that laments the death of Maelgwn's son Rhun, where he says that Rhun's death is "the fall of the court and girdle of Cunedda". [28]
In the reference of Gildas to Maelgwn's own praises resounding on the lips of 'ranting' minstrels, we may detect a possible allusion to his court bards and his patronage of native song. A strong and able, though wayward ruler, who, according to an old Welsh saying, fell upon his ' long sleep in the court of Rhos.' He died in a widespread plague) c. 547.[22]
The same traditions, however, hint at later repentance and the bestowal of many privileges upon various religious centres. In the reference of Gildas to Maelgwn's own praises resounding on the lips of 'ranting' minstrels, we may detect a possible allusion to his court bards and his patronage of native song. A strong and able, though wayward ruler, who, according to an old Welsh saying, fell upon his ' long sleep in the court of Rhos.' He died in a widespread plague) c. 547.
Death
Davies, based on Phillimore's 1888 reconstruction of the data of the Annales Cambriae, stated that Maelgwn died about 547. Maelgwn's death was referred to as a "great mortality" by the Annales Cambriae. [19]
Tradition holds that he died of the 'Yellow Plague' (dylyt melen [32] of Rhos, but this is based on one of the Triads that was written much later. The record says only that it was a "great mortality", which followed the outbreak of the great Plague of Justinian in Constantinople by a few years.
Some traditions state that Maelgwn was buried on Ynys Seiriol (now known as Puffin Island in English), off the eastern tip of Anglesey. There are no historical records to confirm or deny these traditions. [14]
Tradition also holds that he died at nearby Llanrhos, and was buried there.[23] Other traditions say that he was buried at Ynys Seiriol (English: Island of St. Seiriol, Puffin Island), off easternmost Anglesey.
Maelgwn Gwynedd died about 547. [22]
Children
Boyer reports Maelgwn's children as presented by Bartrum:
Rhun Hir, child of Maelgwn and Gwallwen married Perwyr ferech Rhun Ryfelddfawr. [26]
Eurgain, child of Maelgwn and daughgter of Sawyl Benisel, married Elidir Mywnfawr[26]
Einion, mother unknown[26]
Alser, mother unknown[26]
Doeg, mother unknown.[26]
It is possible but highly debated whether Bridei I and his sister Domelch were children of Maelgwn. Their father is given as Máelchú,[50][33] which is the Irish form of Maelgwn.
He was the father of Rhun ap Maelgwn Gwynedd[22]
Legend, Fiction and Fraud
Legend
Welsh Triads. Maelgwn appears once in the Welsh Triads: In the 'Three Tribal Thrones of the Island of Britain', which describes three seats of power, each ruled by Arthur, Maelgwn is Arthur's Chief of Elders in Mynyw (St David's). The pestilence that killed him also appears as one of the 'Three Dreadful Pestilences of the Isle of Britain'. It is described as the Yellow Plague of Rhos, originating from the carcasses of the dead.[21][34]
Red Book of Hergest. There is an incidental mention of Maelgwn in the song To Maenwyn found in the Red Book of Hergest and attributed to Llywarch Hen. The steward (Welsh: maer) Maenwyn is encouraged to resist a command to surrender his post and show his fidelity to Maelgwn.[22][23][35][36]
Book of Llandaff. In the Book of Llandaff, compiled c. 1125, Maelgwn Gwynedd is claimed to be one of the benefactors of the Diocese of Llandaff in its early years.[24] [37] One of the specific places mentioned is at Louhai (Tintern parva, some six miles north of Chepstow), where Maelgwn is claimed as a secular witness to its donation.[25][38]
Black Book of Carmarthen. In the Black Book of Carmarthen, Dormarch, Gwyn ap Nudd's favourite hound, is recorded as previously belonging to Maelgwn Gwynedd. This is significant in relation to the mythological role of his new master in the Wild Hunt.[26][39]
The Tale of Taliesin. The Tale of Taliesin (Hanes Taliesin or Ystoria Taliesin) is a genuine legendary story about Taliesin which is preserved in two principal redactions dating from the mid-16th century and the early 17th century but which probably derives from older sources.[40][40]
It was first printed in Lady Charlotte Guest's translation of the Mabinogion: the notes to that edition are the work of Iolo Morganwg and contain inaccuracies and some of his inventions. The story itself tells of events where the Taliesin of legend is placed in difficult or impossible situations but invariably overcomes all obstacles, usually through feats of magic. Maelgwn Gwynedd is conspicuously depicted in a negative light, being foiled in unscrupulous actions of deceit and being outwitted.[41][41]The historical Taliesin was actually a contemporary of Maelgwn Gwynedd's son and successor Rhun. An elegy for Rhun, the Marwnad Rhun (English: Elegy of Rhun) was once attributed to Taliesin by some scholars.[42] [42] but is now considered to be of later provenance and is no longer accepted as his work.[43][43] There is nothing to connect the historical Taliesin with Maelgwn Gwynedd, although references to the legend are found in medieval Welsh poems.[44][44]
Fiction
As a famous king of the past, Maelgwn's name figures strongly in Welsh legend. It is used more often than most in questionable accounts of history and in genuine efforts at history that either invent fictions of their own, or repeat the fictions of others as though they were true.
The descent from Maelgwn Gwynedd may have been invented by Merfyn ap Gwriad aboutg 800, when Merfyn became King of Gwynedd. [45]
Some of the most significant sources of misinformation about Maelgwn are:
Geoffrey of Monmouth. The History of the Kings of Britain. Geoffrey of Monmouth's 12th-century pseudohistorical Historia Regum Britanniae includes Maelgwn (Malgo) as a character in its account of British history. It says that Saint David was buried at St Davids on the command of "Malgo, king of the Venedotians",[27][46] that Malgo addicted himself to sodomy,[47] and that he was succeeded by a certain Careticus.[29] [48] It adds that Britain had groaned under the barbarians since the time of Malgo,[30][49] that Malgo was the fourth king of Britain after Arthur,[31] and that Malgo had two sons, Ennianus and Runo.[31][50]Scholars contend that there is no authority for any of this except Geoffrey's fertile imagination. Historically, Rhun ap Maelgwn was Maelgwn's son and successor (though this may be the 'Runo' Geoffrey refers to). Geoffrey appears to twist Gildas' words to obtain his reference to sodomy. In his condemnation of 5 British kings in the De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, Gildas refers to wine as "sodomitical" but never applies that word to any person.[32][51]
The Brut Tysilio. Once attributed to Saint Tysilio (died 640), the Chronicle of the Kings of Britain was written c. 1500 as an amalgam of earlier versions of the Brut y Brenhinedd, a derivative of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. Among its spurious claims is that Maelgwn Gwynedd came to the crown following Vortiper, that he was succeeded by a certain Caretig, that he was the fourth king of all Britain after Arthur, and that he had two sons, Einion and Rhun.[33][52]
John of Fordun. The Chronicle of the Scottish Nation. According to the account of John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, written c. 1360, a certain "Maglo, King of the Britons" asks for aid from King Aydanus. There is nothing to link Maelgwn Gwynedd to the Pictish king, Fordun's claim notwithstanding. In the next section, Fordun says that later on it is "Cadwallo, King of the Britons" who is receiving aid from King Aydanus.[45]
[53]This story is repeated uncritically in some later histories, and subsequently "Malgo the Briton" is mentioned in Thomas Stephens' notes on an 1888 publication of Y Gododdin, with the stated suggestion that Maelgwn was an ally of "Aeddan" against the Pictish king Bridei.[46][54] Fordun's Chronicle is given as one of Stephens' references.
John Morris: Age of Arthur. The Pictish king Bridei. Bridei (died c. 584) was the son of a certain Maelchon (or Melcho, or Maelchú in Irish records). Aside from having a similar name, there is nothing that connects the father of Bridei to Maelgwn Gwynedd. Of those who have promoted a connection, perhaps the most notable person of late is John Morris in his Age of Arthur, where he refers in passing and without authority, to "... Bridei, son of Maelgwn, the mighty king of north Wales, ...".[47][55] Though the book has been a commercial success, it is disparaged by historians as an unreliable source of "misleading and misguided" information.[48][56]
Fraud
Iolo Morganwg: The Iolo Manuscripts. Maelgwn Gwynedd is mentioned repeatedly in the spurious 18th century Iolo Manuscripts of Iolo Morganwg. His three Chief Bards are named, and he is proclaimed King Paramount over the other kings.[34] [57] A Maelgwn Hir of Llandaff is described, and said to be commonly mistaken for Maelgwn Gwynedd.[35] [58] Taliesin is said to have been dispossessed of his property by Maelgwn, and so cursed him.[36] [59] Saint Eurgain is said to be Maelgwn's daughter.[37] [60] Saint Cwyllog, daughter of Caw Cawlwyd of Twr Celyn, had been given lands by Maelgwn Gwynedd.[38][61] In 'The Three Holy Families of the Isle of Britain', there is a story of Caw and his children who had been driven from their lands by the Gwyddelian Picts, and who then came to Wales and were given land in Anglesey by Maelgwn.[39] [62]Without independent and reputable verification, the material found in the Iolo Manuscripts is considered to be the product of Iolo's fertile imagination.
Sources
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Gildas. De Excidio, 33.
↑ 2.0 2.1 Giles 1841:29–32, On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain, sections 33–35 Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Giles 1847:248–250, De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, sections 33 – 35 Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Gildas. De Excidio, 28
↑ Gildas. De Excidio, 30
↑ Gildas. De Excidio, 31
↑ Gildas. De Excidio, 32
↑ Lloyd 1911:133, A History of Wales, Vol. I Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Gildas, De Excidio, 28-33
↑ Gildas, De Excidio, 33, 34
↑ Gildas, De Excidio, 35
↑ Giles 1841:34, The Works of Nennius (English translation) Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Giles 1847:341, Historia Britonnum (in Latin) Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Wikipedia:Maelgwn_Gwynedd Accessed 8 November 2023 jhd
↑ 15.0 15.1 Phillimore 1888:169–170 – the pedigree is given as: ... map Rotri map mermin map etthil merch cinnan map rotri map Intguaul map Catgualart map Catgollaun map Catman map Iacob map Beli map Run map Mailcun map Catgolaun Iauhir map Eniaun girt map Cuneda map AEtern ....Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ 16.0 16.1 Phillimore 1887:87 – the pedigree is given as ... Cynan tintaethwy. M. Rodri molwynawc. M. Idwal Iwrch. M. Kadwaladyr vendigeit. M. Katwallawn. M. Kadwgawn. M. Iago. M. Beli. M. Run hir. M. Maelgwn gwyned M. Kadwallawn llawhir. M. Einyawn yrth. M. Kuneda wledic.Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Phillimore 1886:133 – katwaladyr vendigeit ap katwallawn ap katwan ap iago ap beli ap run ap maelgwn gwyned ap einion wwr ap pabo post prydein. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ 18.0 18.1 Lloyd 1911:129, A History of Wales, Vol. I. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ 19.0 19.1 Based on Phillimore's (1888) reconstruction of the dating of the Annales Cambriae (A Text). Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Harleian Genealogies 1: Gwynedd part 1, amb
↑ "Gildas, the Ruin of Britain &c. (1899). Pp. 4-252. The Ruin of Britain".Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 William Hopkin Davies. Dictionary of Welsh Biography, National Library of Wales. Maelgwn Gwynedd Accessed 10 November 2023 jhd
↑ 23.0 23.1 Charles-Edwards, T. M., Wales and the Britons, 350-1064, Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 85-87.Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Gildas, De Excidio, 33-35
↑ Lloyd 1911:134–142, A History of Wales, Vol I; Gildas. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 Carl Boyer, 3rd. Medieval Welsh Ancestors of Certain Americans. Generally follows Bartrum. By the author: Santa Clarita, California, 2004. Maelgwn Gwynedd is #9 on page 68.
↑ Giles 1841:29, On the Ruin and Conquest of BritainCited by Wikipedia.
↑ 28.0 28.1 Morris-Jones 1918:209–209–211, Taliesin's Marwnad Rhun (English: Elegy of Rhun) Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Davies, 55. Cited by Boyer, 68
↑ Davies, 69. Cited by Boyer, 68
↑ 31.0 31.1 Lloyd 1911:130, A History of Wales, Vol. I. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Wade-Evans, A. W. (1914). "The 'Picti' and 'Scotti' in the Excidium Brittaniæ". The Celtic Review. 9. p.321, n2. doi:10.2307/30070302. JSTOR 30070302.Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ "The Annals of Ulster". Archived from the original on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2016-11-25.Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Jenkins 1852:259, Letters on Welsh History. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Skene, William Forbes (1868), "CXIII, The Red Book of Hergest XIII", The Four Ancient Books of Wales, vol. II, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, pp. 273–274, 440–441; in Welsh, with notes in English on pp. 441. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Skene, William Forbes (1868), "CXIII, The Red Book of Hergest XIII", The Four Ancient Books of Wales, vol. I, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, pp. 584–585; in English. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Rees 1840:354, The Book of Llandaff. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Rees 1840:463, The Book of Llandaff. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Evans, John Gwenogvryn (1906), The Black Book of Carmarthen, Pwllheli, pp. XI–; in Welsh. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Patrick K. Ford (ed.), Ystoria Taliesin (University of Wales Press, 1992). Annotated edition of the two texts.Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Charlotte 1877:471–503, Taliesin. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Morris-Jones 1918:209–222, Taliesin's Marwnad Rhun (Elegy of Rhun). Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Ifor Williams (ed.), Canu Taliesin (University of Wales Press, 1960), introduction.. Cited by Wikipedia.
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↑ John Davies' History of Wales, 50-51. Cited by Boyer, 68.
↑ Giles 1848:271, History of Britain. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Giles 1848:272, History of Britain. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Giles 1848:273, History of Britain. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Giles 1848:278, History of Britain. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Giles 1848:282, History of Britain. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Giles 1841:29, The Works of Gildas. For example, in his condemnation of Maelgwn, Gildas says "... why art thou (as if soaked in the wine of the Sodomitical grape) foolishly rolling ...". The term is repeated elsewhere as well, with the same context.. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Roberts, Peter, ed. (1811), Chronicle of the Kings of Britain; Translated from the Welsh Copy Attributed to Tysilio, London: E. Williams, pp. 173, 174, 183. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ John of Fordun (1360), "Aydanus sends assistance to Malgo, King of the Britons", in Skene, William Forbes (ed.), John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas (published 1872), pp. 105–106. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Stephens, Thomas (1888), Powel, Thomas (ed.), The Gododdin of Aneurin Gwawdrydd, Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Morris, John (1973), The Age of Arthur: a history of the British Isles from 350 to 650, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 192. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ D. P. Kirby and J. E. C. Williams, "Review of The Age of Arthur", Studia Celtica, 10-11 (1975-6), pp. 454 – 486; "an outwardly impressive piece of scholarship", it went on to argue that this apparent scholarship "crumbles upon inspection into a tangled tissue of fact and fantasy which is both misleading and misguided".Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Williams 1810:461, The Iolo MSS.. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Williams 1810:465–466, The Iolo MSS.. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Williams 1810:467, The Iolo MSS.. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Williams 1810:497, The Iolo MSS.. Cited by Wikipedia.
↑ Williams 1810:507, The Iolo MSS.. Cited by Wikipedia.
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Bibliography of Frequently Cited Works
Gildas (c. 540). De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae (On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain), trans. Hugh Williams, 1899. Reprint, Dodo Press. Or Gildas,On the Ruin of Britain. Translated by J. A. Giles and T. Habington, 1842. Accessed 10 November 2023 jhd De Excidiois references in Sections 1-110
Nennius and others (c. 833). Historia Brittonum (History of the Britons). Forgotten Books, Coppell, Texas, 2021. Or Nennius Historia Brittonum by Rev.W. Gunn, London: John & Arthur Arch, 1819. Accessed 11 November 2023 jhd References are to Sections 1-66.
Cited by Wikipedia
Davies, John (1990), A History of Wales (First ed.), London: Penguin Group (published 1993), ISBN 0-7139-9098-
Evans, John Gwenogvryn (1906), The Black Book of Carmarthen (First ed.), Pwllheli
Giles, John Allen, ed. (1841), The Works of Gildas and Nennius, London: James Bohn – English translation
Giles, John Allen, ed. (1847), History of the Ancient Britons, vol. II (Second ed.), Oxford: W. Baxter (published 1854) – in Latin
Giles, John Allen, ed. (1848), "Geoffrey of Monmouth's British History", Six Old English Chronicles, London: George Bell and Sons (published 1900), pp. 89–294
Charlotte Guest, ed. (1877), The Mabinogion, London: Bernard Quaritch
Jenkins, Samuel (1852), Letters on Welsh History, Philadelphia: E. S. Jones & Co.
Lloyd, John Edward (1911), A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest, vol. I (2nd ed.), London: Longmans, Green, and Co.(published 1912)
Morris-Jones, John (1918), "Taliesin", in Evans, E. Vincent (ed.), Y Cymmrodor, vol. XXVIII, London: Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion
Owen, Aneurin, ed. (1841), Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, vol. I, Commissioners of the Public Records of the Kingdom
Parry, John Humffreys (1821), "Genealogy of the Saints", The Cambro-Briton, vol. III, London: W. Simpkin and R. Marshall, pp. 7–11, 81–87, 137–140, 201–204, 266–269, 335–338, 394–396, 455–458
Phillimore, Egerton G. B. (1886), "Boned y Seint (A Fragment from Hengwrt MS. No. 202)", in Powel, Thomas (ed.), Y Cymmrodor, vol. VII, Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, pp. 133–134
Phillimore, Egerton, ed. (1887), "Pedigrees from Jesus College MS. 20", Y Cymmrodor, vol. VIII, Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, pp. 77–92
Phillimore, Egerton (1888), "The Annales Cambriae and Old Welsh Genealogies, from Harleian MS. 3859", in Phillimore, Egerton (ed.), Y Cymmrodor, vol. IX, Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, pp. 141–183
Rees, Rice (1836), An Essay on the Welsh Saints, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, Rees
Rees, William Jenkins (1840), The Liber Landavensis, Llyfr Teilo, Llandovery: William Rees – from MSS. in the Libraries of Hengwrt, and of Jesus College (English translation)
Rhys, John (1904), Celtic Britain (3rd ed.), London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
Skene, William Forbes (1868), The Four Ancient Books of Wales, vol. I, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas
Stephens, Thomas (1849), Evans, D. Silvan (ed.), The Literature of the Kymry (Second ed.), London: Longmans, Green, and Co. (published 1876)
Williams, Edward (Iolo Morganwg) (1810), Williams (ab Iolo), Taliesin (ed.), Iolo Manuscripts, Llandovery: William Rees (published 1848)
Williams, John (1844), The Ecclesiastical Antiquities of the Cymry, London: W. J. Cleaver
See also:
Maelgwyn, Nation Library of Wales. By Professor William Hopkin Davies, M.A., Aberystwyth.
Gildas the Monk & Maelgwn the Murderer, David H.R. Sims' examines Two Key Sub-Roman Characters
Thomas Gregory Smart, Genealogy of the descendants of the Prichards, formerly lords of Llanover, Monmouthshire, with an appendix of the pedigrees of the houses, with which that family intermarried (Google eBook). 1868
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| Person ID |
I59257 |
Freeman-Smith |
| Last Modified |
27 Jan 2026 |
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